Climate Disruption Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Climate Disruption - Term Paper Example The intention of this study is climate change that is definitively happening, and the consensus is that the major cause of this climate change is man-made. The theory as to why climate change is occurring centers around greenhouse gases. Karl & Tremberth explain that these gases, which include carbon dioxide that results from burning fossil fuel accumulates in the atmosphere, and this is what causes global warming. This effect has been seen worldwide. They also state that the concrete jungles of cities makes the cities hotter than more rural areas, because of the pollution in these areas causes urban heat islands. Other places where there are regionally warmer temperatures includes Amazonia and Sahel, because of deforestation and desertification. Cloud feedback, in which clouds trap long-wave radiation, is another cause of warming. Alternately, cloud feedback may cause global coolling if the clouds reflect solar radiation . Man has contributed to the global warming problem in a signi ficant way. One way is through emissions from fuel burning, which causes oxidized gases which can become strongly absorbing aerosols, such as black carbon or soot. This interacts with the clouds and moisture, and this leads to neat heating. These aerosols also affect the climate by reflecting solar radiation and affect the climate indirectly by changing the reflective properties of clouds and the clouds’ lifetimes. The overall consensus is that global climate change is due to man-made activities, and that climate change has dire consequences for our ecosystems and land masses throughout the world. Evidence Regarding Climate Change The scientific consensus is that the cause of climate change is due to an increase in greenhouse gases. There are a variety of studies which support this claim, and Oreskes (2004) contends, essentially, that the debate on climate change is not over, for there are no significant dissenting opinions on the matter. Climate change is real, it is caused by greenhouse gases and it is not the result of a natural warming trend. In her article â€Å"The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,† Oreskes takes on the individuals who would deny climate change and refutes their arguments, one by one. She begins by stating that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program, has stated unequivocally that the scientific consensus on the matter is that human activity is affecting the earth’s temperatures. They state that the observed warming over the past 50 years is due to the greenhouse gas concentrations. Oreskes observes that the IPCC was formed for political reasons, not to foster new research, and this is because the matter of climate change is one which is highly political. This might make the panel suspect, ecept that Oreske contends that all the major scientific bodies in the United States with expertise o n the matter have issued reports stating the same thing – that greenhouse gases has caused the earth’s temperature to rise. They also have consensus that the rise in these temperatures are over and above natural warming trends that might have happened within this period (Oreskes, 2004). Oreskes has also reviewed the contents of scientifically reviewed papers which have been published in recent years, noting that these papers must be scientifically sound, as they are published in peer-reviewed papers and must pass the scrutiny of critical, expert colleagues. Oreskes notes that the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) has indeed all the papers which have been refereed by scientific journals, and are able to sample the scientific literature on any given subject, which provides an unbiased view of the subject. The ISI examined abstracts for 928 papers published between the years 1993 and 2003, and found that, after using the keyword phrase â€Å"global climate chang e† to discern the contents of articles about this subject that not one of the papers

Expending the exhaustion doctrine to publicity in Dior v Evora (1997) Essay

Expending the exhaustion doctrine to publicity in Dior v Evora (1997) ECR I-6013 was a crucial mistake, as it inevitably damages the essential function of the trade mark. Discuss - Essay Example and logos does not only enable business owners to protect their investments on a specific and distinct brand name but also gives the marketed goods under a trademark an identity which is distinguish from other similar products and services3. It also gives them the legal right to sue anyone who uses the trademark in an illegal manner.4 Once a trademark is completely registered, a person or a company will automatically have a legal protection against those people who would copy or imitate their product signs and symbols.5 In other words, a fraud may occur in case another individual or business entity is uses any signs or symbols that have already been registered under the trademark law.6 In general, the IP protection law has been established in order to ensure that every creative individual who were able to invent a distinctive idea, design, or a product will continuously get credit for their effort and achievements. Trademarks which falls under the category of IPRs, is being represented with a symbol  ® or â„ ¢ after a company name, logo, pictures, a slogan, or a combination of these.7 In general, a trademark serves the purpose of protecting signs and symbols that are being identified with a specific goods and services that belongs to an individual, a business organization or even the government.8 In the process of having legal protection, business owners could retain an exclusive right over the use of a registered mark. Likewise, it also provides them the authority to allow other people to use the registered mark in exchange of a monetary payment or purely by consent. Unlike the intellectual property right law which is believed to promote monopolistic competition within the domestic and international markets9, competition law promotes free trade and healthy competition among the local and international businesses10. Since competition law which includes the concept of parallel import is very much focused on eliminating and reducing the cases of monopolistic

Scientific Inventions On Human Life

Scientific Inventions On Human Life What is scientific invention? According to me scientific invention is a machine or device or a scientific technique which either helps or completely solves humans problems that he or she face in daily life. According to www.businessdictionary.com invention is: New scientific or  technical  idea, and the  means  of its embodiment or accomplishment. To be patentable, an invention must be  novel, have  utility, and be non-obvious. To be called an invention, an idea only  needs  to be proven as workable. But to be called an innovation, it must also be replicable at an  economical  cost, and must satisfy a specific need. Thats why only a few inventions  lead  to  innovations  because not all of them are economically feasible. And according to Wikipedia scientific invention is An  invention  is a unique or novel  device, method, composition or process. It may be an improvement upon a machine or product, or a new process for creating an object or a result. An invention that achieves a completely unique function or result may be a radical breakthrough. Such works are  novel  and  not obvious  to  others skilled in the same field. These definitions are enough to tell us or are enough to make us understand the meaning of scientific inventions but the question is why we need scientific inventions? Sometimes, the things They say, the laws They make, the way the world spins doesnt make any sense at all Which is exactly why you have to ask Why? and keep on asking until you get the TRUTH   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Joe Kelly,  Douglas Fredericks and the House of They And that is exactly why we need inventions to find the truth behind the things we do not understand. And we need inventions to help us understand that truth and help us use it to our own benefit. Like scientists discovered electricity by inventing different inventions and then they used electricity to their own benefit now the entire world is using electricity. The effect of scientific inventions on human life is huge. So huge that it is difficult to comprehend it but I will try and explain a little in my essay. Inventions have changed our lives it has revolutionized every aspect of our life. if we look at our means of communication then we will see that first we used to communicate with letters, but then telegram was invented which was a faster way to communicate but not fast enough then telephone was invented which made our lives easier and made us communicate with our loved ones so easily and made it made possible for us to communicate with someone who is miles away from us. And now days it is even possible to video chat with anyone on any part of the world and this entire have been made possible due to the scientific inventions. Then with the progress of science and its inventions the means of travel have also changed in the early times people have to travel through horse and camels and they completed their journey in months even in yea rs but due to development in scientific inventions it is now possible to travel distances of thousands of miles in hours or days. Due to scientific inventions we were able to find answer to our question which we thought we can never answer, like people used to say that humans cannot fly but due to the advancements of scientific inventions we can now fly in the air with the help of an airplane. In our daily life we use a lot of scientific inventions, like television, fridge, fans, laptops, mobile phones, micro wave Owens, tube light, cars, bikes, and many more of scientific inventions they have made our life more luxurious and made our work more easy and less time consuming it has granted us to do things in minutes which we did in days, months even its has completely changed our lifestyles and altogether our lives they are a blessing on us. Computers are useless. They can only give you answers.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Pablo Picasso Due to scientific inventions cure of many diseases have been found which were thought incurable in earlier times. The life expectance has increased drastically in earlier times many people died of disease which are now extinct due to new techniques and invention invented by scientists. In new types of drugs are invented to cure the incurable diseases vaccines have made many disease extinct. Doctor uses many kinds of inventions to diagnose patients diseases. This has made it easy for them to t find out what is wrong with their patient. Doctor use inventions like x-ray machines, USG machines, angiography machines, laparoscopic devices and monitors, CT scan machines, MRI machines, digital thermometer, digital blood pressure machines, blood sugar measuring devices, Stethoscopes, torches, laryngoscopes, otoscope and many more. If these inventions were not available to them they might not be able to diagnose some disease or might diagnoses it in correctly and the patient may die but these inventions have made it possible to look up all kind of diseases in human body and also have made it possible to cure it and because of some scientific inventions now surgeries of tumors which were in operatable are now operate able. And due to these inventions surgeries of hrs have decreased to minutes and with minimum side affect. Engineers have made up dams to prevent floods which also help in producing electricity and provide water to agricultural land. Due to scientific inventions now it is possible to save ourselves from natural disaster as inventions have been invented which predict the natural disasters before they have happened. And can be used to save many people from natural disasters. Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Arthur C. Clarke,  Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible Arthur C. Clarke is absolutely correct because scientific inventions have done the unimaginable it has enabled us to go to the moon which we thought was impossible and now due to scientific invention we final seen moon closely enough to understand it and can go in space and wander in it. Computer is the most amazing invention of all time it has made everyones life easy it has finished gaps between people by internet it has made all the knowledge known to man open to everyone in the world through internet it has solved so many problems of people that it is difficult to write them all I know theres a proverb which that says To err is human, but a human error is nothing to what a computer can do if it tries.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Agatha Christie,  Halloween Party Electricity the biggest invention of all time and the most important invention of all time. Now a days almost everything runs on electricity. Electricity has brightened our nights and given us cold winds in summers. It has made us to communicate with each other by telephones and it has completely changed our life. Scientific inventions have also revolutionized factories it has increased their production as machines produce more than human they get more work done than humans in a specific time. Now machines are available which make a product in more efficient way which is less time consuming and less money consuming and is still better than before. Where scientific inventions have so many advantages there are some disadvantages too. Scientific inventions have made people so much dependent on technology and inventions that it is now very difficult for people to function or carry on with their life without these inventions like if now we have to walk to place we will have so much difficulty. Scientific inventions have made people so lazy and they have become their slave they are dependent to do everything in their life with the help of scientific inventions. Scientific inventions have made people jobless as in factories and many offices machines have taken place of humans as machines are more efficient and are money efficient too. And due to these new scientific inventions and scientific inventions have also increased pollution in our environment which have created a lot of problems, it is destroying our environment and killing our planet slowly. These scientific inventions although have made life more luxurious but have made it a lot more complex and complicated. Due to scientific inventions the noise pollution have increased, anywhere we go we will not find peace and quiet traffic has so much increased in the cities that people want to escape from the traffic and hide from it in remote areas. Due to new inventions world is facing new type of dangers which they did not even new about like genetic mutation due to nuclear reactors, fumes coming out of factories are responsible for destroying ozone and global warming. Now people are facing danger due to scientific inventions. Now new type of entertainment sources have made people useless has they waste their time on watching television all day long. Then children waste their time on video games and internet. Children instead of doing their homework or studying they waste their time on internet and video games and these technology is so expensive and people waste their money on it. Many people cannot afford it and their children want these things so they start earning money the wrong way to buy those things. Academic performance of people is decreasing because people are wasting their time watching television and internet many people are addicted to it. And this all is creating diseases and disorders such as obesity, laziness, loss of personality and it has also affected their eye sight. It has disabled us from of friendly and face to face communication chance with each other. Because of scientific inventions people do not get any kind of physical activity or exercise. Which has increased diseases such as obesity which is very common now-a-days. There are some inventions which are too complex for some people and they cannot use it so the feel inferior to others which has created gaps and jealousy between people. To make electricity, which runs most of the scientific inventions is made by exhausting fossil fuels which is killing our world slowly although scientists have found methods to make electricity by renewable sources but they are more expensive than the traditional ways which takes up many resources and is creating a lot of and all kinds of pollution in our world. The biggest and disastrous scientific inventions are weapons which have made this world a living hell. They have destroyed the peace of this world and have imposed the fear of war in every persons mind. Every day hundreds of thousands of people die due to these monstrous inventions and they are the sole reason for terrorism. Countries are wasting so much money on the research and development of weapons so the powerful may remain powerful so they can impose their command on the less powerful. Nuclear weapons have been developed to wipe out whole countries from the face of the earth. So many people died in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during world war 2because of atomic bombs, even in Pakistan so many people have died in suicide bombing. And in other incident of terrorism. People that they made these weapons to defend themselves but if there were no weapons then from what they needed defending from. On name of defense they kill and slaughter people. This is absolutely wrong. In the end I would only say that it is not the inventions but it is their use that has made them harmful if the same thing is used for good it becomes a blessing for everyone but if that thing is used for evil purposes then it becomes accurse for whole humanity some people use scientific invention for the benefit of people and the world and others use it for the destruction and evil so this does not make the invention good or bad it makes it user good or bad because when something is invented it is usually is invented for the benefit of human kind but its user may use it for evil or good like computer was invented to solve and help people with their problems but people now even use it for hacking into other peoples personal files and stealing money from people. So scientific inventions have both disadvantages and advantages but the number of advantages is so great that we can over look its disadvantages, because now these inventions have made over life so easy that now we cannot live without them we need them in every aspect of our life.

The Hebrew Exiles In Babylon Essay -- Hebrew History Historical Exiles

The Hebrew Exiles in Babylon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Jerusalem fell to the conquering Babylonians in 587 BC, most of what was important to the Hebrew people was gone. They lost their holy city, the Temple was destroyed, and the Davidic monarchy ended (Beasley 221). Following the destruction of Jerusalem, the Babylonian king, Nebuchadrezzar, deported most of the population to other cities, including Babylon. These exiles remained there for about fifty years until the Persian forces, under king Cyrus, took the city of Babylon in 539 BC. The Persian policies concerning captured and exiled peoples were quite different than those of the Babylonians, and because of this King Cyrus allowed the exiles to return to Jerusalem in 538 BC to rebuild the city and the Temple. However, even though the exiles were allowed to return to their ancestral homeland of Judah, many of the people chose not to return but to remain in the recently conquered city of Babylon. There are many contributing factors concerning why these Hebrew exiles chose to remain. Even so, it is difficult to understand why a people, who were located in Palestine for over a millennium and who had such strong religious beliefs and practices, would choose to abandon the location of their now destroyed sacred Temple and ancestral home after being exiled for only fifty years. One contributing factor for the exile’s choice to remain in Babylon was the quality and level of social life that they experienced while in Babylon. Many of them maintained their identity and status within the Babylonian settlements. This suggests a well-developed social structure among the Hebrew exiles (Blenkinsopp 152). They also had the benefit of personal freedom and the ability to manage their own community life. An example of this are the â€Å"elders of the diaspora†, who aided the leader of the exiles, ex-king Jehoiachin, in conducting community affairs. The presence of elders among the Hebrew exiles suggests that the settlements within Babylon governed themselves similarly to pre-exilic urban existence, even to the point of maintaining gatherings for decisions and the hearing of prophets (Smith 97). The exiles were also allowed to live according to their own customs, were able to purchase property, and could even own slaves (Hayes 483). Some of the exiles may have actually had other Hebrews as slaves since the their laws allowed them to... ...esolite condition of Jerusalem they faced if they returned. These are only a few of the total possible problems and factors that affected the choice of many of the Hebrews during the Babylonian exile and immediately following during the post-exilic period. Works cited: Ackroyd, Peter, Exile and Restoration. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1968. Beasley, James R., et al., An Introduction to the Bible. Nashville: Abington Press, 1991. Blenkinsopp, Joseph, A History of Prophecy in Israel. Louisville: Westminster John   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knox Press, 1996. Hayes, John H. and J. Maxwell Miller, ed. Israelite and Judean History. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1977. Grabbe, Lester L., The Persian and Greek Periods. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992. Vol. 1 of Judaism From Cyrus to Hadrian. 2 vols. 1992. Metzger, Bruce M., and Roland E. Murphy, ed. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1994. Newsome, James D., By the Waters of Babylon. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1979. Smith, Daniel L., The Religion of the Landless. Bloomington: Meyer-Stone Books, 1989. Whitley, Charles Francis, The Exilic Age. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1975. The Hebrew Exiles In Babylon Essay -- Hebrew History Historical Exiles The Hebrew Exiles in Babylon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Jerusalem fell to the conquering Babylonians in 587 BC, most of what was important to the Hebrew people was gone. They lost their holy city, the Temple was destroyed, and the Davidic monarchy ended (Beasley 221). Following the destruction of Jerusalem, the Babylonian king, Nebuchadrezzar, deported most of the population to other cities, including Babylon. These exiles remained there for about fifty years until the Persian forces, under king Cyrus, took the city of Babylon in 539 BC. The Persian policies concerning captured and exiled peoples were quite different than those of the Babylonians, and because of this King Cyrus allowed the exiles to return to Jerusalem in 538 BC to rebuild the city and the Temple. However, even though the exiles were allowed to return to their ancestral homeland of Judah, many of the people chose not to return but to remain in the recently conquered city of Babylon. There are many contributing factors concerning why these Hebrew exiles chose to remain. Even so, it is difficult to understand why a people, who were located in Palestine for over a millennium and who had such strong religious beliefs and practices, would choose to abandon the location of their now destroyed sacred Temple and ancestral home after being exiled for only fifty years. One contributing factor for the exile’s choice to remain in Babylon was the quality and level of social life that they experienced while in Babylon. Many of them maintained their identity and status within the Babylonian settlements. This suggests a well-developed social structure among the Hebrew exiles (Blenkinsopp 152). They also had the benefit of personal freedom and the ability to manage their own community life. An example of this are the â€Å"elders of the diaspora†, who aided the leader of the exiles, ex-king Jehoiachin, in conducting community affairs. The presence of elders among the Hebrew exiles suggests that the settlements within Babylon governed themselves similarly to pre-exilic urban existence, even to the point of maintaining gatherings for decisions and the hearing of prophets (Smith 97). The exiles were also allowed to live according to their own customs, were able to purchase property, and could even own slaves (Hayes 483). Some of the exiles may have actually had other Hebrews as slaves since the their laws allowed them to... ...esolite condition of Jerusalem they faced if they returned. These are only a few of the total possible problems and factors that affected the choice of many of the Hebrews during the Babylonian exile and immediately following during the post-exilic period. Works cited: Ackroyd, Peter, Exile and Restoration. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1968. Beasley, James R., et al., An Introduction to the Bible. Nashville: Abington Press, 1991. Blenkinsopp, Joseph, A History of Prophecy in Israel. Louisville: Westminster John   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knox Press, 1996. Hayes, John H. and J. Maxwell Miller, ed. Israelite and Judean History. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1977. Grabbe, Lester L., The Persian and Greek Periods. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992. Vol. 1 of Judaism From Cyrus to Hadrian. 2 vols. 1992. Metzger, Bruce M., and Roland E. Murphy, ed. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1994. Newsome, James D., By the Waters of Babylon. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1979. Smith, Daniel L., The Religion of the Landless. Bloomington: Meyer-Stone Books, 1989. Whitley, Charles Francis, The Exilic Age. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1975.

Texas Gladiators Case

teThe Texas Gladiators Apparel Store The Texas Gladiators won the Super Bowl last year. As a result, sportswear such as hats, sweatshirts, sweatpants, and jackets with the Gladiator’s logo are popular. The Gladiators operate an apparel store outside the football stadium. It is near a busy highway, so the store has heavy customer traffic throughout the year, not just on game days. In addition, the stadium has high school or college football and soccer games almost every week in the fall, and baseball games in the spring and summer.The most popular single item the stadium store sells is a red and silver baseball style cap with the Gladiators’ logo on it. The cap has an elastic headband inside it, which conforms to different head sizes. However, the store has had a difficult time keeping the cap in stock, especially during the time between the placement and receipt of an order. Often customers come to the store just for the hat; when it is not in stock, customers are upset , and the store management believes they tend to go to other competing stores to purchase their Gladiators’ clothing.To rectify this problem, the store manager, Jessica James, would like to develop an inventory control policy that would ensure that customers would be able to purchase the cap 99% of the time they asked for it. Jessica has accumulated some demand data for the cap for a 30-week period. The data is shown below. (Demand includes actual sales plus a record of the times a cap has been requested but not available and an estimate of the number of times a customer wanted a cap when it was not available but did not ask for it. ) The store purchases the hats from a small manufacturing company in Jamaica.The shipments from Jamaica are erratic, with a lead time of 20 days. Questions: 1. In the past, Ms. James has placed an order whenever the stock got down to 150 caps. What level of service does this reorder point correspond to? 2. What would the reorder point and safety s tock need to be to achieve the desired service level (99%)? 3. Discuss how Jessica James might determine the order size of caps and what additional, if any, information would be needed to determine the order size. 4. Base Case: Suppose that the carrying cost is $6/unit/year and ordering cost is $200/order.Assume that there are 52 weeks in a year. For this base case, compute an optimal order quantity, average inventory (when service level is 99%), annual number of orders, total inventory costs, and cycle time. 5. For the base case, construct a graph showing how annual carrying cost, ordering cost, and total cost changes due to the changes in order quantity. 6. Sensitivity Analysis: Construct table(s) and/or graph(s) that show how the optimal order quantity and total inventory costs change when (a) carrying cost varies from $4 to $8/unit/year and (b) ordering cost varies from $150 to $250/order.

Billy Joel

Billy Joel is a well known musician who has sold millions of albums across the world. Billy Joel has also won multiple grammys and several other awards. He has worked with many other artists and is affectionately known as â€Å"The Piano Man.† Billy Joel was born on May 9, 1949. He was born as William Martin Joel in Bronx, New York. He grew up in Levittown, New York. He had two siblings a sister named Judith, and his half-brother Alexander Joel. He started his career at a very early stage in his life. At the age of four he began taking piano lessons. He took lessons on piano until he was sixteen. He was in three bands before he could even drive and he was a veteran of all of them. Billy Joel decided to start his music career after watching a famous band called â€Å"The Beatles† on The Ed Sullivan Show. In 1971 he came out with his first album after dropping out of high school to pursue his career in music. The solo album was called â€Å"Cold Spring Harbor.† Billy Joel then decided to move to Los Angeles. Soon after he job a job as a lounge pianist. Billy Joel married his first wife Elizabeth Weber Small in 1973. They had been partners for years before they married. In 1982 they separated from each other and both moved on. He then went on to marry famous supermodel named Christie Brinkley. They then had a daughter named Alexa Ray on December 29, 1985. He then split from Christie Brinkley in 1993 and then met and married television star and journalist Katie Lee. The two divorced after being married for fives years. Billy Joel then went on to meet his current wife Alexis Roderick. They then married in 2015, and went on to have a baby named Della Rose. She was born on August 12, 2015. Billy Joel sold over 150 million successful albums and has won multiple awards. Throughout his career his singles hit the top charts almost every time. His singles hit the Top 40 thirty-three times through the 1970's, 1980's, and 1990's. He received a Grammy Legend Award in 1990 and a Billboard Century Award in 1994 for his outstanding music. Later in Billy Joel's career he suffered from an alcohol addiction and was continuously in rehab. He then recovered going on to make more music throughout the early 2000's. Joel then released â€Å"All My Life† in 2007. The single was his first in thirteen years with original lyrics. Billy Joel performed multiple times at Madison Square Garden and broke records, selling out his concerts monthly. Billy Joel is one of successful artists of all time topping the charts numbers of time throughout the years. He has won several awards and sold out many shows at popular venues such as Madison Square Garden. Billy Joel has continued to perform and tour throughout the world and break records.

Feminist Movement in America essays

Feminist Movement in America essays In the nineteenth century, women were compelled to precise social duties in male dominated societies. Their jobs were to take care of the home, raise the children, make sure there was peace in the family, follow a husbands orders, and make the home a comfortable and carefree place to live. In Kate Chopins The Awakening, three main characters, Edna Pontellier, Madame Adele Ratignolle, and Mademoiselle Reisz, portray particular roles that either establish or contradict these social dichotomies. Each womans representation of character in the nineteenth century helps illustrate the feminist movement in America, a continuous struggle that has helped shaped the lives of women in todays society. Edna Pontellier, the main character of the story, is a woman who does not only acknowledge her own wants and desires, but also has the strength and courage to act on them. Edna is a handsome, engaging woman who is valued by society for her physical appearance. Breaking through the role that has been appointed to her by society, she discovers her own identity independent of her husband and children. At the beginning of the novel, Edna is comfortable in her marriage to Leonce Pontellier, and is unaware of her own feelings and ambitions. Author Barbara Welters The Cult of True Womanhood presents four cardinal virtues that women were thought to have in the nineteenth century, one of them being purity. When a woman married she was to be pure until her wedding night, and once she joined in this union with her husband, she belonged to him. Welter implies in her essay that marriage was, literally, an end to innocence. She told not to question this dilemma, but simply to accept it (Welter 118). As time progresses, Edna Pontellier begins to see her marriage to Leonce as a life full of responsibility and unwanted duties, rather than a life full of passion. She no long...

Free Essays on Safety At Play

in order to express opinions or doubts in situations. Thus developing language and communication skills. Taking risks encourages a child to explore limits, experience new situations and develop their capacities, from a young age. Gaining new experiences extends problem solving, planning and reflection skills, which are essential to life. Children would never learn activities such as walking or climbing stairs unless they were motivated to respond to risk. Risk taking is often found in play situations where a child will learn through the play activities they partic... Free Essays on Safety At Play Free Essays on Safety At Play Childhood is the period of life that enables children to become competent and develop into confident adults. The role of an adult will influence the child significantly and during childhood, a child relies on the adult to care, protect and support whilst they learn and gain knowledge of the world. Part of the role and adult plays in a young child’s life is that of looking out for risks that a child may not anticipate. This is a natural instinct but can be taken to extremes by restricting a child from certain things. Restricting activities or disallowing a child from doing something because of fears about what might happen, blocks the development of a child intellectually which in turn causes social, emotional and physical deteriation. An adult needs to understand that it is impossible to shield a child from all risk whether it is part of their development, physically, emotionally or intellectually. All children need and want to take risks. A child will learn through risk and the ‘’learning has to be grounded in their own personal, social and emotional development.’’ (Jennie Lindon 2003). The lessons they need to learn focuses on confidence and ability. They need to feel confident enough to deal with mistakes and to take risks with the confidence that it is all right not to know something. Confidence is also needed to learn new words in order to express opinions or doubts in situations. Thus developing language and communication skills. Taking risks encourages a child to explore limits, experience new situations and develop their capacities, from a young age. Gaining new experiences extends problem solving, planning and reflection skills, which are essential to life. Children would never learn activities such as walking or climbing stairs unless they were motivated to respond to risk. Risk taking is often found in play situations where a child will learn through the play activities they partic...

Best Crucible Act 2 Summary

Best Crucible Act 2 Summary SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Act 2 of The Crucible takes us to the Proctor household, where we learn just how crazy things have gotten in Salem after the initial flood of accusations. We'll also find out the extent to which John Proctor's relationship with Elizabeth has suffered after his affair. By the end of Act 2, characters who were thought to be beyond reproach will find themselves in mortal peril as a result of unchecked hysteria. I'll provide two different summaries. The first is a short summary intended for quick review of the plot, and the second is a long summary (the "oops I didn't read it" summary) for those of you who want more specific details on exactly what happened, including smaller side conversations and minor plot points. The CrucibleAct 2 Summary - Short Version John and Elizabeth discuss the trials in Salem, and they both realize things are getting out of hand (though John still believes the court would never actually hang anyone). Elizabeth tells John he has to go into town and inform them that Abigail is lying. John’s hesitance leads to an argument rooted in his affair and the lack of trust that continues to pervade their marriage. Mary Warren, who went to Salem to testify against the Proctors’ wishes, returns to the house and gives Elizabeth a poppet (doll) she made in court. Mary reveals that Elizabeth was accused in court, but she spoke up in her defense. It’s clear that Abigail is accusing Elizabeth because she hopes to take her place as John Proctor’s wife. This leads to another argument where Elizabeth urges John to tell Abigail that there’s absolutely no possibility of them ever being together. Hale arrives and questions the Proctors about their religious devotion based on the accusations levied against Elizabeth. John tells him that the girls are frauds, and Hale actually starts to doubt the validity of the accusers’ claims. Giles Corey and Francis Nurse come to the house in distress, revealing that both of their wives have been arrested for witchcraft. Then, Ezekiel Cheever and Marshal Herrick arrive with a warrant for Elizabeth’s arrest. They find the doll that Mary gave her and notice that it has a needle stuck in it. This matches up with the â€Å"attack† on Abigail allegedly perpetrated by Elizabeth’s spirit. Proctor gets Mary to tell the truth about the doll. She says that she made it in court and stuck the needle in herself with Abigail sitting right next to her. However, the authorities are not convinced by this story. Proctor tears up the arrest warrant in frustration, but Elizabeth agrees to go peacefully. When everyone else has left, Proctor tells Mary that she must testify on Elizabeth’s behalf in court. Mary is terrified to do this because she knows that Abigail will turn the rest of the court against her. Proctor begins to feel a sort of relief because he senses that he and all the other hypocrites are finally being punished for their sins. Judgment, both internal and external, is a constant throughout The Crucible. The CrucibleAct 2 Summary - â€Å"Oops, I Didn’t Read It† Version Act 2 takes place at the Proctor household eight days after Act 1.Elizabeth Proctor serves John dinner, and they chat about his day.There’s some tension between them because of the lingering effects of John’s affair with Abigail. Elizabeth says that Mary Warren went to Salem that day, and John is angry because he forbid her to go.Elizabeth claims she tried to stop her, but Mary insisted on participating in the court proceedings. Elizabeth then reveals the full extent of the situation in Salem to John.Four judges have been summoned from Boston to preside over the trials, and fourteen people are jailed on accusations of witchcraft.Abigail has been exercising a great deal of power in court and continues to feign being attacked by witches.Elizabeth says John must go to Salem to tell the court that Abigail is a fraud.He has some reservations because it will be his word against hers.She thinks he wouldn’t be so hesitant to do this if he had to discredit a different girl.John gets angry that Elizabeth still won’t fully trust him around Abigail, and he feels liks he's always being judged.Elizabeth points out that it’s really his internal guilt about the affair that's making him feel judged. At this point, Mary arrives back from Salem appearing drained from the day’s proceedings.She gives Elizabeth a poppet (a rag doll, essentially) that she made in court.Mary tells the Proctors that there are now 39 people arrested.She breaks down and starts crying.Mary reveals that Goody Osburn is set to hang, but Sarah Good confessed, so she will live.Mary is genuinely convinced that Sarah Good tried to kill her by sending out her spirit.She then claims to remember other times that she was bewitched by Sarah Good.Sarah Good was ultimately condemned after being unable to recite her commandments. Mary insists on going back to court the next day because she feels that she’s doing God's work. JohnProctor tries to whip Mary for her insolence, but Mary interjects that she saved Elizabeth’s life by defending her against accusations in court.Proctor dismisses Mary.After this, Elizabeth is pretty sure that Abigail wants her dead.She thinks Abigail is trying to take her place as Proctor’s wife and will continue to accuse her until she is arrested.Proctor tries to allay these suspicions even though he knows that she’s probably right. Elizabeth insists that John go to Abigail and tell her explicitly that there is no possibility of them ever being together in the future.John gets angry (again) that Elizabeth presumes that he’s still attached to Abigail and is leading her on in some way. At this point, Reverend Hale arrives at the house to speak with the Proctors about the accusations made against Elizabeth.He has just come from questioning Rebecca Nurse, who was accused despite her solid reputation in town.Hale asks why John doesn’t go to church often, and he says it’s because his wife has been sick and he dislikes Parris’ displays of materialism.Hale asks Proctor to say his commandments, and, ironically, the only one he forgets is adultery.Hale is not satisfied. Elizabeth insists that John tell Hale that the girls are faking.After hearing what Proctor has to say, Hale starts to doubt the accusers as well.Still, Proctor balks at testifying in court because the atmosphere sounds so hysterical ("I falter nothing, but I may wonder if my story will be credited in such a court." pg. 65).Elizabeth says she actually doesn’t believe in witches at all, and Hale is taken aback because witches are specifically mentioned in the Bible. Giles Corey enters the house accompanied by Francis Nurse.They reveal to Hale and the Proctors that their wives have been arrested and sent to jail.Rebecca Nurse is suspected of murdering Ann Putnam’s babies.Hale says if Rebecca Nurse has fallen under the control of the Devil, no one is safe.Corey now realizes he made a mistake by voicing his suspicions about his wife’s reading habits in the previous act.The man who accused Martha Corey bought a pig from her that died soon after.He was bitter that Martha wouldn’t refund him the money, so to get revenge he accused her of casting spells with her books. Ezekiel Cheever and Marshal Herrick then arrive at the house.They have a warrant for Elizabeth Proctor’s arrest, and they confirm that she was accused by Abigail.Cheever orders Elizabeth to hand over any dolls she has in the house.Elizabeth is confused and says she hasn’t had dolls since she was a kid.She forgot about the one Mary gave her earlier, which Cheever sees and examines.John Proctor tells Elizabeth to go get Mary so she can confirm that the doll was a gift.Cheever finds a needle in the doll, which he takes as proof of Elizabeth’s guilt.Abigail fell on the floor screaming at dinner andpulled a needle out of her stomach, claiming that Elizabeth’s familiar spirit stabbed her. Mary and Elizabeth return, and Mary admits she made the doll in court while Abigail was sitting next to her.John Proctor thinks that this makes it pretty clear that Abigail is lying, but it’s not enough for Hale to discount the â€Å"proof.†Hale warns Mary that she’s making severe accusations against Abigail. Proctor is fed up with the court’s blind trust in Abigail and the other accusers.He rips up the arrest warrant and tells everyone to leave. Elizabeth sees that there is no way out of the current situation and agrees to go with the marshal to avoid a scene.John promises to bring her back soon and calls Hale a coward for being too passive about the situation.Hale counsels patience and reason so that they can get to the bottom of what’s really happening. Everyone exits the house except Mary and John Proctor.Proctor tells Mary she must testify in court about the real story behind the doll.She is concerned about Abigail’s potential reaction.Mary knows about the affair, and she thinks Abigail will come clean about it and ruin Proctor’s reputation if Mary tries to discredit her. Mary also believes that the court will turn against her if she tells the truth.Proctor is adamant that Elizabeth will not die for his mistakeswith Abigail and starts getting aggressive with Mary to scare her into telling the truth.Mary continues to insist that she can’t testify because of the potential consequences. Does your target always get stabbed with the same implement that you used to poke the voodoo doll? And does that mean you can only use voodoo dolls to give people you hate superficial puncture wounds? Luckily for Abigail, no one is in the right state of mind to care about how little sense all of this makes. The CrucibleAct 2 Quotes This section lists themost important quotes in Act 2. I've written short explanations for each that elaborate on their significance. â€Å"I have not moved from there to there without I think to please you, and still an everlasting funeral marches round your heart. I cannot speak but I am doubted, every moment judged for lies,as though I come into a court when I come into this house!† (John Proctor pg. 52) In this quote, John Proctor criticizes his wife for continuing to mistrust him after he ended things with Abigail.He claims that â€Å"an everlasting funeral marches round [her] heart,† meaning that she insists on continuing to mourn for the damage the affair did to their relationship rather than allowing him to repair it. He feels that Elizabeth is constantly suspicious of him now, to the point where he can’t do anything without being judged.In fact, Elizabeth doesn’t show many signs of being overly judgmental of John (she’s actually doing pretty well considering he just had an affair with a teenager), and most of these issues are a projection of his own guilt. â€Å"I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you.† (Elizabeth Proctor pg. 52) The real court in Salem is mirrored by a metaphorical court within the mind of John Proctor. Here,Elizabeth points out that John is his own harshest judge.If anyone is judging him, it’s a mini-John Proctor with a judge wig banging a tiny gavel right on his heart strings.Since he's unable to forgive himself for the affair, he projects his guilt onto her even when she’s not acting particularly judgmental. â€Å"I am amazed you do not see what weighty work we do.† (Mary Warren pg. 56) Mary uses â€Å"weighty† as a synonym for â€Å"important† or â€Å"vital.† She feels that she’s doing God’s work, and she is given a sense of purpose and duty through her participation in the trials.In a sense, the trials really are â€Å"weighty work† because they overhaul the entire community.They provide an outlet for the repressed resentments and jealousies that were simmering under the surface. â€Å"Theology, sir, is a fortress; no crack in the fortress may be accounted small.† (Reverend Hale pg. 64) This quote from Hale is a testament to the power of the church in this community and the perception of religion at the time.There is an â€Å"either you’re with us or you’re against us† mentality that encourages persecution of anyone who deviates even slightly from accepted Christian behavior.One misstep can derail a reputation completely, so everyone is eager to conform out of concerns for self-preservation. â€Å"There is a misty plot afoot so subtle we should be criminal to cling to old respects and ancient friendships. I have seen too many frightful proofs in court - the Devil is alive in Salem, and we dare not quail to follow wherever the accusing finger points!† (Reverend Hale pg. 68) This quote from Hale sums up the atmosphere of hysteria that has emerged in Salem.Everyone is afraid to question any of the accusers because that might mean falling for the Devil’s tricks.They feel that the consequences of doubting these accusations could be more dire than the risk of having some innocent people caught up in the mix.Reputation has been conquered by paranoia. Both Parris and Hale will cite different theological examples over the course of the play where someone who was once thought to be virtuous turned out to be evil.In this case, it’s â€Å"Man, remember, until an hour before the Devil fell, God thought him beautiful in Heaven† (Reverend Hale pg. 68).In the next act, Parris will say â€Å"You should surely know that Cain were an upright man, and yet he did kill Abel† (Reverend Parris pg. 85).On some occasions in the Bible, people who were thought to be good turned out to be bad. This shaky precedent is extrapolated to the current situation and gives the church leaders reason to mistrust even the most well-reputed citizens of Salem. â€Å"Why do you never wonder if Parris be innocent, or Abigail? Is the accuser always holy now? Were they born this morning as clean as God’s fingers? I’ll tell you what’s walking Salem - vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law!† (John Proctor pg. 73) John is incredibly frustrated because the accusers are all taken at their word, and the accused are denied a fair opportunity to defend themselves.He points out that many of these accusations are clearly driven by revenge.Though that desire for vengeance was always there within the people of Salem, it has only now begun to affect judicial processes and societal power structures in dramatic ways.â€Å"The little crazy children† are the accusers, mostly teenage girls who previously had no power in Salem. They are now â€Å"jangling the keys of the kingdom,† or testing their ability to provoke widespread chaos that favors their own agendas. â€Å"Now Hell and heaven grapple on our backs, and all our old pretense is ripped away - make your peace!Peace. It is a providence, and no great change; we are only what we always were, but naked now.† (John Proctor pg. 76) This an aside John makes to himself at the end of Act 2. He views the witch trials as an unveiling of the true nature of the people of Salem.No one has suddenly become vengeful, paranoid, and unjust - they were always like this underneath a shallow layer of decorum.Proctor has also been burdened by the secret of his affair with Abigail and the guilt he has about it.He sees himself as an immoral person, and he is relieved in a certain sense that he’s about to be exposed for the hypocrite he is so his sins will stop eating him up inside. John was referring to his two cats, Heaven and Hell. Metaphorical pet names were all the rage in 17th century New England. The CrucibleAct 2 Thematic Analysis This is a brief analysis of the most prevalent themes in Act 2. I'll come out with a more comprehensive thematic analysis for the whole play very soon! Irony This act sees one of the most blatant examples of irony in the play. When John is asked to recite the ten commandments, the only one he forgets is the one most applicable to him, adultery (â€Å"Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife."). This shows how hard John is trying to repress his guilt. He hopes to leave the affair in the past and pretend it never happened, but he can't ignore the impact it has had on his relationship with Elizabeth, his sense of self-worth, and Abigail's psyche. Hysteria Act II is when the full extent of the hysteriainSalem becomes apparent.Mary says that there are now not 14 but 39 people who have been thrown in jail on suspicion of witchcraft.The hysteria has been heightened by several confessions which seem to confirm the existence of an evil witchy plot.People are told they will be executed if they refuse to confess, so obviously false confessions abound. The authorities and citizens of the town are so scared of the possibility that these coerced confessions could be the truth that they ignore any logical objections to the proceedings ("I have seen too many frightful proofs in court - the Devil is alive in Salem, and we dare not quail to follow wherever the accusing finger points!" Hale pg. 68).They instead continue to push for more confessions, which are then counted as â€Å"evidence† of a grand Satanic plot.Anyone who doubts the existence of this plot is brought under suspicion. When the poppet is discovered in Elizabeth’s possession, it is taken as concrete proof that she’s involved in witchcraft. Elizabeth'sside of the story immediately becomes virtually irrelevant because Abigail’s testimony is much scarier and more dramatic: "She sat to dinner in Reverend Parris's house tonight, and without word nor warnin' she falls to the floor. Like a struck beast, he says, and screamed a scream that a bull would weep to hear. And he goes to save her, and, stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out." (Cheever pg. 71). The idea that a witch's familiar spirit could be going around stabbing people willy-nilly is too horrifying for people who genuinely believe in witchcraft to give Elizabeth the benefit of the doubt. Everyone severely underestimates Abigail's ambition and deviousness. Reputation Goody Good, an old beggar woman, is one of the first to be accused because she is already held in such low regard. It’s easy for respectable citizens to accept that she’s in league with the Devil because she is an "other" in Salem, just like Tituba.Elizabeth knows that Abigail has it in for her because there's no other reason she would take the risk of accusing a farmer’s wife with a solid reputation.Elizabeth is an upstanding member of the community, whereas other women who have been accused were already at the bottom of the totem pole. Elizabeth knows that her high status still affords her some credibility, but this is the point at which the value of reputation in Salem starts to butt heads with the power of hysteria and fear to sway people’s opinions (and vengeance to dictate their actions).In this act it is also revealed that Rebecca Nurse has been accused, a woman whose character was previously thought to be unimpeachable. This is taken as evidence that things are really getting out of control ("if Rebecca Nurse be tainted, then nothing's left to stop the whole green world from burning." Hale pg. 67) , but still people hesitate to discredit the accusers out of fear for their own reputations. Power and Authority In Act 2, we see that Mary Warren has been given a new sense of her own power through the value placed on her testimony in court. Elizabeth notes that Mary's demeanor, previously very meek, is now like that of â€Å"the daughter of a prince† (pg. 50). Mary has never felt like she was a part of something significant like this before, which likely adds to her conviction that the people she's accusing are truly witches. Mary and the other girls are riding on a high of attention and respect from powerful people in the community, so they are especially motivated to stick to their stories (and even genuinely believe their own lies). At this point, Abigail has gone from a nobody to (unofficially) one of the most powerful people in Salem. It would be incredibly difficult for her to go back on her accusations now. Abigail’s low status in normal times ironically gives her a great deal of power in her current situation. No one thinks she’s smart or devious enough to make up all these insane stories, so she is taken at her word. In the words ofJohn Proctor, â€Å"the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom† (pg. 73). Guilt This themeisprominent in the dynamic between John and Elizabeth. John is frustrated with Elizabeth because she still doesn’t fully trust him, but he’s really projecting his internal guilt about his affair with Abigail onto her. John gets worked up because he’s angry at himself for essentially setting these accusations in motion against his wife.He’s frustrated that he hasn’t been allowed to leave the affair behind him and hates that he now has to face up to real consequences.He underestimated Abigail and is now paying the price.John’s guilt is a huge thematic undercurrent throughout the play, as we will see to an even greater extent in the next two acts. Even before his arrest (spoiler alert), John is a prisoner of his own guilt. He kinda deserves it, tbh. The CrucibleAct 2 SummaryConclusion In Act 2, the situation in Salem goes from worrisome to straight up horrifying. It becomes clear just how far the characters are willing to go to protect themselves against the town's burgeoning hysteria (even if it means setting others on a path to the gallows). Let's recap the most important events: Elizabeth informs John that more people have been arrested, and he needs to go to Salem to tell the court that Abigail is a fraud. Mary returns from Salem after participating in the trials and gives Elizabeth a ragdoll she made in court. Mary tells the Proctors that Elizabeth was mentioned briefly, but the accusations were dismissed thanks to Mary's favorable testimony. Elizabeth knows Abigail will continue to accuse her until something sticks, and she tells John he has to go directly to Abigail and tell her that they're NEVER gonna be a thing. Hale warily questions the Proctors about their skimpy church attendance, and John tells him Abigail is a fraud. Hale has fleeting doubts about the legitimacy of the girls' accusations. Francis Nurse and Giles Corey come to the house and say that their wives have been arrested. Then, Ezekiel Cheever and Marshal Herrick arrive with a warrant for Elizabeth's arrest. They find a needle in the doll Mary gave Elizabeth that corresponds to the needle that Elizabeth's familiar spirit supposedly used to stab Abigail. Elizabeth goes with them peacefully after realizing she can't prove her innocence. John angrily insists that Mary must tell the court Abigail is lying. Mary says she's too scared of the consequences and doesn't think she can do it. This is all a set-up for the heightened drama of Act 3. John Proctor is prepared to tell the whole truth about Abigail to save his wife and the rest of the accused, but will that be enough to stem the tide of witch-related hysteria? Hint: no. What's Next? Want a full summary of the play all in one place? Check out our complete overview of the plot of The Crucible, including descriptions of the main characters and a list of major themes. If you're looking for a deeper thematic discussion to help you write a killer essay, read this article on how each theme manifests in the play and what larger conclusions can be drawn as a result. We've also written comprehensive analyses of the most significant characters in The Crucible. Read all about the traits, actions, and thematic relevance of John Proctor, Abigail Williams, Rebecca Nurse, Giles Corey, and Mary Warren. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Samantha Lindsay About the Author Samantha is a blog content writer for PrepScholar. Her goal is to help students adopt a less stressful view of standardized testing and other academic challenges through her articles. Samantha is also passionate about art and graduated with honors from Dartmouth College as a Studio Art major in 2014. In high school, she earned a 2400 on the SAT, 5's on all seven of her AP tests, and was named a National Merit Scholar. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. No spam ever. hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '360031', formId: '2167ba30-e68e-4777-b88d-8bf3c84579af', formInstanceId: '2', submitButtonClass: 'btn-red-light btn', target: '#hubspot-container2', redirectUrl: 'http://ww2.prepscholar.com/blog-subscribe-thank-you', css: '.post-bottom .hs-form.stacked label {display:none;} .post-bottom .hs-form.stacked .field div.input {padding-top: 55px; padding-left: 300px;} .post-bottom .hs-input {width: 220px} .post-bottom .btn-primary, .hs-button.primary {margin-top:0px; padding-left:350px} .post-bottom .hs-form-field {margin-bottom:5px}' }); $(function(){ $(".exclusive-tip-form #hubspot-container2 label").hide(); }); function replace_tag(a, b){ $(a).each(function(index) { var thisTD = this; var newElement = $(""); $.each(this.attributes, function(index) { $(newElement).attr(thisTD.attributes[index].name, thisTD.attributes[index].value); }); $(this).after(newElement).remove(); }); } $(function(){ replace_tag($(".posts-by-topic h3"), "h2"); }) Ask a Question BelowHave any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply! Search the Blog Search jQuery(function(){ var $ = jQuery; var url = 'http://google.com/search?q=site:' + location.protocol + '//' + location.hostname + ' '; var $searchModule = $('.hs-search-module.4364c63b-82fe-4fa2-910b-1f131f762185'); var $input = $searchModule.find('input'); var $button = $searchModule.find('.hs-button.primary'); if (false) { $input.val(decodeURIComponent(location.pathname.split('/').join(' ').split('.').join(' ').split('-').join(' ').split('_').join(''))); } $button.click(function(){ var newUrl = url + $input.val(); var win = window.open(newUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { //Browser has allowed it to be opened win.focus(); } else { //Browser has blocked it location.href = newUrl; } }); $input.keypress(function(e){ if (e.keyCode !== 13) return; e.preventDefault(); $button.click(); }); }); Improve With Our Famous Guides SATPrep ACTPrep For All Students The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section: Score 800 on SAT Math Score 800 on SAT Reading Score 800 on SAT Writing Series: How to Get to 600 on Each SAT Section: Score 600 on SAT Math Score 600 on SAT Reading Score 600 on SAT Writing Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? 15 Strategies to Improve Your SAT Essay The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 4+ ACT Points How to Get a Perfect 36 ACT, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section: 36 on ACT English 36 on ACT Math 36 on ACT Reading 36 on ACT Science Series: How to Get to 24 on Each ACT Section: 24 on ACT English 24 on ACT Math 24 on ACT Reading 24 on ACT Science What ACT target score should you be aiming for? ACT Vocabulary You Must Know ACT Writing: 15 Tips to Raise Your Essay Score How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League How to Get a Perfect 4.0 GPA How to Write an Amazing College Essay What Exactly Are Colleges Looking For? Is the ACT easier than the SAT? A Comprehensive Guide Should you retake your SAT or ACT? When should you take the SAT or ACT? Michael improved by 370 POINTS! Find Out How Stay Informed Get the latest articles and test prep tips! Looking for Graduate School Test Prep? Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: GRE Online Prep Blog GMAT Online Prep Blog TOEFL Online Prep Blog

Applying a leadership theory to the Qatar Fencing Federation Essay

Applying a leadership theory to the Qatar Fencing Federation - Essay Example Organisational culture is best defined as a set of beliefs and group values which serve as the underpinning for behavioural norms that drive actions of organisational members. Attitudes of employees and managers alike determine the culture of an organisation. When a group has established an organisational culture where all group members share similar sets of convictions, it is easier to create a team-focused organisation. When there is a culture where there is disparity in thinking and values, it can obstruct the achievement of goals and objectives. This is why transformational leadership is the most effective solution for the Federation. With the President, coaches, managers and players all having different personal objectives for what drives their actions, there is no ability to get everyone in the group to begin thinking and behaving along a set of established norms. Cohesive culture development requires routine communications between all group members, regularly remind the group of the organisation’s vision and mission, which in turn creates loyalty and support for the transformational leader. This is the essence of transformational leadership: ensure active participation and consultation among all group members, establish and consistently reiterate a mission and vision for the team, and use inspirational dialogue to motivate others to work cooperatively as a team; rather than just as a group.  The individual within the Qatar Fencing Federation that would be most viable as a transformational leader is one of the coaches.

Common Sense in Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Common Sense in Criminology - Essay Example All along this essay we endeavor to find answers to the problem arising from the shortcomings in common-sense understandings. At the end, a multidisciplinary and eclectic approach to this judicial matter will guide the way into a correct path in search for a coherent solution. There is a great deal of criminological theories to choose from. A wide spectrum of contradictory ideas lies behind those theories. But the knowledge of all of those theoretical assumptions can help us a lot in the task of assessing the evidence in any legal case. They can be especially necessary when we face the problem of common-sense limitations. These shortcomings can be reduced to a minimum through the appropriate use of adequate theoretical and methodological criteria. The role of criminological theories cannot be underestimated. Dr. ... heories present conflicting and contradictory positions, so the overall state of the theoretical corpus in Criminology is somewhat chaotic and confusing when we study the different fundamental tenets that many theoreticians hold as valid. Despite this complex theoretical panorama, all of the opposing theories have something to teach us about crime and its interpretation. These theories can give us some insight into the phenomenon of crime as Diane M. DeMelo (2003c) states: "Theories not only provide a framework for us to interpret the meanings of observed patterns but they help us to determine when these patterns are meaningful and when they are not." It is necessary to have a general knowledge of most of the criminological theories, so we can enhance the common-sense understandings improving our interpretation of the evidence in any fact assessment case. And we have to notice that common sense can mean many different things depending on the person who defines it. Many things are taken for granted in the name of common sense, so we have to be aware of the implications the definitions might have. Common sense is widely applied by everyone, and it can help us in simplifying the way we think and arrive at a conclusion when assessing facts and data. Schutz (2005) gives us an excellent idea of what common sense implies: "Common-sense thinking consists of a system of constructs or meanings for organizing the world and acting in it. Although each of our total set of constructs is unique (originating in our biographical situation), most of our common-sense constructs are socially derived. This shared intersubjective stock of knowledge and assumptions we develop through interactions allows us to engage in joint projects with other people". Even though it is very

Organizational Culture, Employee Managemet Relationship and Motivation Essay

Organizational Culture, Employee Managemet Relationship and Motivation - Essay Example We also know that a substitute for public transportation can be something as simple as a car, taxi, and bike or even walking. Even so, how many firms are there in the industry? In Chicago area, there are only two. Their mission statement is to provide quality service but in reality, they are not. Even though transportation is a service with "peak" demand issues, CTA and Pace still can face inventory shortage.1 By this I mean that there might be not enough buses to carry passengers in peak hours, where on the contrary, many buses would be standing in the terminal in off-peak hours. Overall, public transit users become susceptible to many discomforts while coming from a point A to point B. It is a reality that most depend on the public bus service as a primary form of mobility. The amount of money spent on the trip, which is less than two dollars, almost compensates for the many discomforts. The ongoing issues and service problems are rising day to day which will jeopardize the relations between management and employees. Consequently, worker morale will impact productivity and overall competitiveness of the organization. Furthermore, it will lose its name in the community for not providing reliable service and not taking care of their employees. Everybody often thinks that government organizations are the best place to work; you may be right in terms of financial benefit and job security. However, in reality you may experience difficulties if you are looking for motivation and job satisfaction on account of poor management decisions, lack of training, organizational politics, organizational culture, and employee relationship.2 During last December employees of the pace went on strike due to failure to generously provide the labor contract to union employees. Union employees are working without a contract for last thirty months, the management never wants to negotiate in good

Discuss, making the comparison between collective bargaining, Essay

Discuss, making the comparison between collective bargaining, conducted with trade unions, and employee involvement practices de - Essay Example The trade unions to make their bargaining process more effective take the assistance of ruling parties in the region. This helps in intensifying the process of collective bargaining taken by its members. The process of collective bargaining taken by the members participating in a trade union earns success by rendering collective stress on the management. Specifically, collective bargaining is conducted by the employees to better effectively regulate their payment and working terms in the organization (Flanders, 1968.39, 41). In comparison to the process of collective bargaining practiced by employees under the umbrella of trade unions the employees can also be encouraged by the managers to participate in organizational decision-making. This process helps in augmenting the factor of employee loyalty towards the concern and makes them more responsible in fulfilling their commitments to pursue end goals. The employees can be involved by the management to take decision in key areas and i n key matters, which they feel to be affecting their personal interests. This process highlights a democratic face of the concern where workers are treated equally as managers. Differences solved in the floor levels through mutual understanding pave the way for better managerial action in achievement of organizational objectives. (Employee Consultation and Involvement, n.d. 3-5). Trade Unions help the employees to raise their voices. Without the formation of unions the employees feel the dearth of putting collective effort on the management. Again trade unions tend to wither away without the active participation of the employees acting as members. The twentieth century tries to involve employee voice in the workplace in order to establish a harmony. This was a newly popularizing notion transforming from concerns about industrial associations with collective rights to representation towards a very recent human resource management strategy emphasizing upon involvement of employees and their participation. The idea of voice was derived form two components. First, the practice of employee representation was inferred from the realization that the laborers have the legal influence on the terms under which they work and in order to bring about fairness they might render their suggestions in this context. The second component is employee involvement and participation, which acknowledges that the potential of employees can render, benefits to the organization (Taras, 2003. 293). The paper attempts to illustrate the different approaches (such as trade unions and employee involvement) of maintaining employee relations within an organization. Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining Trade Unions The nature of trade unions can be depicted as bodies built for conducting bargaining activities in order to achieve organizational objectives. Trade unions tend to bargain by standing in the existing social system without making any endeavor to change the social structure. The emplo yees of an organization to achieve any revolutionary or reformist objectives do not construct the trade unions. Rather workers jointly participate to form a trade union with a view to better up their economic and working conditions. These workers are not driven by a political philosophy to form such organizations. Trade Unions only help the workers enhance the parameters of their own betterment.

Efficient Management of Cost Centers in an Organization Research Paper

Efficient Management of Cost Centers in an Organization - Research Paper Example EVA accepts that capital is not available for free and imputes a notional value on the capital used by a business unit after considering the inherent risk involved in a business and the weighted average cost of total capital employed in the business. The earnings for the year are then examined in detail and any unusual or abnormal earnings and expenditures are removed to derive the normal earning for that year. If such adjusted earning is more than the cost of capital, the organization has created value; else, it has destroyed it (Grant 2003). Thus, EVA encourages managers to increase operating profits without injecting fresh capital, finding avenues for investment that would generate higher returns and reallocating funds from less profitable ventures to ones that are more profitable. This approach does not depend merely on the proper management of the balance sheet but also on the level of efficiency of an organization. If the balance sheet is not properly managed, a company might c arry a lot more capital than it actually requires thus unnecessarily increasing the desired levels of operating profit that would just match the weighted average cost of capital. Again, if the company is not run efficiently it would not be able to earn sufficient operating profits so as to qualify as a value creator. Definitions of cost centres vary from country to country and it would be worthwhile to investigate how cost centres are perceived in Germany and the United States. In Germany, Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK), a common approach to cost accounting in that country, defines a subunit of an organization as a cost centre if the output of that subunit can be measured by a single unit.

Horror dark fiction essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Horror dark fiction - Essay Example But Stephen King as well as Lovecraft use many times the dangerous character that cannot be described it’s something that even author cannot tell, but this fact frighten a reader even stronger. All people have fear of something unknown and strange and this fear can be considered to be the main acting part of such type of fiction. Fear of something unknown is stronger than of people or animals. Desperate position with unknown creatures or things can produce more effect on the reader than the equal situation with people or animals. But some authors are used to use people like a characters and in the work of Lovecraft â€Å"The Colour out of space† we can see something indescribable. Some creature or even substance that came from the space. One cannot identify for what reason it came and what it will do, but the effect on the people was terrible, as well as on the land. â€Å"  It must, I thought as I viewed it, be the outcome of a fire; but why had nothing new ever grown over these five acres of grey desolation that sprawled open to the sky like a great spot eaten by acid in the woods and fields† (Lovecraft). People became mad of something that was like an as teroid and animals began to do some strange things. â€Å"It was a little before this that the horses had stampeded. Something had aroused them in the night, and their neighing and kicking in their stalls had been terrible. There seemed virtually nothing to do to calm them, and when Nahum opened the stable door they all bolted out like frightened woodland deer. (Lovecraft)† There was one description of something that landed and it was some object that was constantly warm and has the colour that one cannot describe. Some people called it â€Å"Color of the space† (Lovecraft) â€Å"They had uncovered what seemed to be the side of a large coloured globule embedded in the substance. The colour, which resembled some of the bands in the meteors strange spectrum, was almost impossible to describe; and it

Efficient Management of Cost Centers in an Organization Research Paper

Efficient Management of Cost Centers in an Organization - Research Paper Example EVA accepts that capital is not available for free and imputes a notional value on the capital used by a business unit after considering the inherent risk involved in a business and the weighted average cost of total capital employed in the business. The earnings for the year are then examined in detail and any unusual or abnormal earnings and expenditures are removed to derive the normal earning for that year. If such adjusted earning is more than the cost of capital, the organization has created value; else, it has destroyed it (Grant 2003). Thus, EVA encourages managers to increase operating profits without injecting fresh capital, finding avenues for investment that would generate higher returns and reallocating funds from less profitable ventures to ones that are more profitable. This approach does not depend merely on the proper management of the balance sheet but also on the level of efficiency of an organization. If the balance sheet is not properly managed, a company might c arry a lot more capital than it actually requires thus unnecessarily increasing the desired levels of operating profit that would just match the weighted average cost of capital. Again, if the company is not run efficiently it would not be able to earn sufficient operating profits so as to qualify as a value creator. Definitions of cost centres vary from country to country and it would be worthwhile to investigate how cost centres are perceived in Germany and the United States. In Germany, Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK), a common approach to cost accounting in that country, defines a subunit of an organization as a cost centre if the output of that subunit can be measured by a single unit.

Stereotypes of Teenagers Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes of Teenagers Essay Stereotype: Ster ·e ·o ·type, [ster-ee-uh-tahyp], noun, verb- a set of inaccurate, simplistic generalizations about a group that allows others to categorize them and treat them accordingly. Teenager: teen ·ag ·er, [teen-ey-jer], noun- a person between the ages of 13 and 19 inclusive. How could these two words, so opposite in meaning, make so much sense when put together? Being a teenager doesn’t just define your age, it classifies you into a pre-determined stereotype where people see you differently; you are no longer â€Å"that sweet Jenny girl who lives down the street†, you are now a reckless teenager who is clawing at a chance to rebel or throw a raging Project X worthy party. In our immature years ranging from around 12-18, teenagers are generally seen as being rowdy, irresponsible, and sneaky, and generally speaking, these assumptions are pretty accurate, based on how many times we’ve been grounded from our parents. However, not all adolescents fall into this classification of being â€Å"young, wild, and free†; I am the exact opposite of what someone my age is expected to be- I pride myself on being responsible, trustworthy, and just a better person all around. I try my hardest to stay out of the typical stereotype of a â€Å"teenager†, and I think I do a pretty good job at it. One thought that is generally associated with the facade of teenagers are parties- everything about them. Throwing parties, attending parties, getting wasted at parties, getting caught at parties, or maybe even getting arrested at parties. Whenever a boy or girl at my school says something like â€Å"my parents are going out of town for a week on vacation†, nine out of ten times the responding question will be along the lines of â€Å"are you going to have a party? † or â€Å"nice, what address can I tell people to come to? †. So, adolescents like to have fun, but usually it’s to a dangerous extent. Even dating back to middle school, I can recall old stories of Halloween parties getting busted by cops because some parents forgot to lock their liquor cabinets, and the kids wanted to get a little rowdy. But that’s just an innocent eighth grade party- today, you can take it to even more extreme levels with the high school parties, which almost always includes marijuana or other deadly drugs. So why do teenagers like to participate in these activities, when they normally only end in turmoil? Throughout my high school career, I have not attended many parties, which I do not have a problem with. I am not the kind of person who wants to publicly humiliate myself by getting drunk just so I can have a â€Å"good† time. I have witnessed numerous accounts of teenagers being sent away to private schools, or being thrown out of the house by participating in these â€Å"typical high school activities†. But why do you need narcotics and liquid courage to be a fun person to hang out with on a Friday night? You don’t, you’re just fooling yourself. Another place teenagers are stereotyped and looked down upon is in a working environment. When something goes wrong, the excuse is â€Å"oh, they’re just a teenager, they don’t know any better†. But some of us do know better. There is a popular television show on the TLC network called Restaurant Stakeout; this show is a prime example of teenagers, taking advantage and putting forth a bad effort at their work place. Willie Degel is a well-known respected restauranteur and restaurant owner. He goes in to struggling restaurants and places hidden cameras in the work place where he watches the employees as they handle their customers and shift responsibilities. Most of the time, the cameras focus on the poor performing employees, such as the ones who yell at customers, throw things at them, spill food, treat people with disrespect, or lie to their managers. More often than not, these irresponsible workers just happen to be teenagers. But is anyone really surprised at this behavior? After all, you would never see the oh-so-mature adult treating another adult with straight up disrespect, would you? Well certainly not without good reason. I work in a bakery and have witnessed my current boss, Dee, handle situations with the same kind of mindset that a teenager would have. When a customer was rude and impatient with one of my co-workers and caused too much unnecessary drama, Dee thought it would be nice to give that customer a taste of her own medicine†¦by throwing a cake right in her face. Was this the mature thing to do? Not necessarily, and certainly not from any rational adults point of view. But logically thinking, all of these â€Å"rational adults† were once â€Å"immature teenagers† at one point, right? Maybe we never do grow completely out of our child-like mindsets. The only thing worse than grown-ups acting like teenagers are when teenagers fulfill the stereotype that is thrust upon them. I used to work at Five Guys Burgers and Fries, where I saw incorrect handling of problems and situations by my fellow teenage coworkers. When someone was unhappy with their meal, the employee wouldn’t handle the situation themselves, but instead hand it off to someone else, which was usually me. I didn’t always enjoy dealing with the angry guests, but it taught me how to handle unhappy people in a positive way, which has helped me now in my current job and the other social aspects of my life as a whole. Teenagers have mastered the art of one thing: lying. Well, for the most part anyways. We think we are so good at lying that we can hide almost anything from our parents. Sometimes, this works. Other times, you get caught in your lie, and you end up getting in lots of trouble. My mother, for example, is excellent at telling when I am fibbing to her, and she will call me out on it. This has taught me to just be an honest person, and not to do things that would result in me lying about where I am or what I am doing. Other teenagers at my school however have mastered the art of lying and sneaking around, and basically can get away with anything if they wanted to. If a boy wants to sneak out to go buy alcohol and get drunk, he knows just what to tell his parents to make them believe differently. If a girl wants to go to a party and hang out with a guy her parents don’t approve of, she just has to say the usual â€Å"I’m sleeping over at Jessica’s tonight†. These lies and dishonesty are what helps create the stereotype of untrustworthy and dishonest teenagers- we think we can get away with everything and we are invincible, when in reality we’re just adolescents who don’t know any better. Why have teenagers changed so much over time that now being classified as a â€Å"teenager† automatically has a negative connotation with it? I’m sure when my parents were teenagers, they were probably looked down upon too, but not in this much of an immature and irresponsible light as adolescents today are. Why have the times changed so much that because I am a teenager, I am automatically looked at as being an irrational, disrespectful, sneaky party animal? When I am not like that at all? I wouldn’t say I am trying to completely break the stereotype for my age group, but I am definitely trying to change it so people don’t view me in that negative way. So those two little words that fit together so perfectly are going to be attached with a negative connotation for many more years to come, as the stereotyping of teenagers are just going to become deeper as the actions we do become worse and worse. As we grow older and move on to have children of our own that will grow into these crazy adolescents, where will we draw the line with them? Why kind of people will they turn out to be? What will be considered socially acceptable for their age group by the time they are in high school? If we keep heading in the direction we are now, it worries me to know what our future generations have in store.

A kpi based performance assessment system

A kpi based performance assessment system 1.0 INTRODUCTION Job performance is usually defined as â€Å"actions and behaviors that are under the control of the individual that contribute to the goals of the organization† [9]. Performance measurement-based management systems help an organization to line up its business activities to its strategy, and to supervise performance in the direction of strategic goals over time. In other words, performance management is used to keep track of the organizational progress against its strategic plan and particular performance goals. According to Campbell [7], the procedure of assigning a ranking to an individuals job performance is as follows: observation, sampling, encoding, storage, retrieval, evaluation, differential weighting, and composite scoring. Measuring the performance of a lecturer is very vital because the indication produced is used for major decisions about their future in academic career. Decisions can be of two types: formative that is used as the support to develop and form the teaching quality, and summative, that is used as the proof for summing up his/her overall performance or position to come to a decision about annual increment, award, merit pay, promotion, sponsorship and tenure [10]. The first one deals with decisions to progress the way of teaching; the second on deals with human resources decisions. Summative decisions are ultimate and they are provided by the administrators at different occasion to settle on their prospect. There is an impact of these decisions on the quality of professional career. The different resources of facts for teaching efficiency can be engaged for either of formative and summative decisions or both. To measure the performance, there should be some pre-identified and logical criteria that can be used through out the assessment process. These criteria are collectively called key performance indicator (KPI). It helps organizations to attain organizational goals by measuring and evaluating their achievement. The indicators vary depending on the organization. For a business company the percentage of net profit can be one of its KPI. For an educational institute the percentage of passed student can be one of its KPI. To establish a stable performance measurement system, the key performance indicators selection is very important. They must be selected carefully and rationally. a. BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM STATEMENT UUM is a gigantic university with three colleges CAS, COB, COLGIS. UUM have 25139 students and 1489 administrative staffs, 1216 academic staffs (as of 12th Aug. 08) and it offers 44 undergraduate programs (as of 2nd May ‘09), 59 post graduate programs (as of 16th Feb. ‘09). With the course of time the number of course and students are increasing. Consequently the number of academic staffs is also increasing. UUM has currently many automated systems such as Personnel Information System â€Å"PERSIS†, Research and Consultation Information System â€Å"ReCIS†, Graduate Academic Information System â€Å"GAIS†, Academic and Student Information System â€Å"ASIS† etc. But there is no such automated system for monitoring and evaluating the performance of the lecturer. Currently the manipulating and measuring the performance is manual the lecturers have to fill up the evaluation form, then print the form and attach the relevant documents and then submit to the evaluation committee. The criteria used for the system is teaching, research, consultation, publication and personality. This evaluation outcome is used for the promotion, scholarship for further study, and other consideration in for advance in career. However, this kind of manual evaluating system some time is biased and subject to human errors. Also it is very slow process and takes much valuable time of both the lecturers and the evaluating authority. Because of the absence of any automated system the evaluation process is not accurate and well-accepted. So it has been felt the need of a web based evaluation system that can be integrated with existing UUM systems and the data that will be used for the criteria can be extracted automatically from the Personnel Information System of UUM (PERSIS) and other related UUM systems. It is therefore necessary to develop a web based system in which the whole process will be done automatically. b. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is to develop a performance evaluation system for the academic staff of UUM. This system will be a web-based and can be integrated with the existing management systems in UUM. Specific objectives are: To gather the user requirements for the system. To design and develop the system. To evaluate the system c. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the requirements for the automated performance measuring system for the lecturer? What are the user requirements towards to use this system? d. SCOPE AND LIMITATION It will be developed for UUM academic staff and hereby will follow the policy and strategy that have been set by the UUM authority, so it can not be used by other universities and also not for other category of staff. It will be developed in .NET platform, so it can be used only in windows platform and it will be integrated with existing system. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Performance Modeling Employee evaluations are used to estimate the performance level of an employee. Performance measurement is the method by which an organization fixes the parameters within which programs, investments, and acquisitions are reaching the desired results. The type of performance evaluation should be determined based on the responsibility of the employee within a company. Employee performance models used in organizations today can be categorized into four types: 1) Top Down, 2) Peer-to-Peer, 3) 360-Degree and 4) Self-Assessment [6]. 2.1.1 Top Down The most common and most effective approach is Top-down employee performance evaluation, because they engage the judgment of an employee by a direct supervisor. Top-down employee performance evaluations are most functional when it is done by the immediate supervisor someone who works with that employee everyday and knows his or her strengths and weaknesses [12]. 2.1.2 Peer to peer Peer-to-peer employee performance evaluations require employees at the same level to review each other. The idea behind peer-to-peer employee performance evaluations is that none knows an employees ability better than his/her colleagues. In this type of evaluation considering the maturity level of the employees involved and the long-term effects that could result from the source of negative assessments getting back to the team members is important [8]. 2.1.3 360 degree In 360-degree performance reviews, many different types of people are consulted about an employees performance. This includes customers, suppliers, peers and direct reports. In the case of a manager, staffs are often asked to give upward feedback on how well they are being managed. The benefits of many points of view are apparent; but there are also some challenges to these types of performance reviews. While 360-degree performance reviews are being performed, a responsible administration manager should organize the procedure; so that subordinate reviewers are assured that their performance reviews are kept secret [11]. 2.1.4 Self-Assessment Self-Assessment performance reviews are successful when it is combined with any of the other three types of performance reviews. With this type of review, employees are asked to rate themselves, often using the same form that a supervisor will use to evaluate them. Self-assessment performance reviews help give the employees an opportunity for them to reflect their opinion on their own performance prior to the formal review [6]. 2.2 Role of Lecturer According to Dr. Zabokia [5], the primary role of a lecturer is to educate his/her students. However, a lecturer can appear in many aspects. Lecturers also play the roles as tutors, teachers, administrators and counselors. The normal tasks of a lecturer are: First and principal lecture Organize the teaching resources i.e. lecture slides and handouts Set up the questions for examination papers and conduct the evolution A lecturer can also provide extra care to their students as their counselor. Some students may be under severe pressure such as family problems, peer pressure, financial problem etc.When a student seems uninterested and his/her presence starts to fall off, its desirable to counsel the student. During a counseling session, a lecturer could also get feedback from the students on the course or subject matter. This may be supportive to the lecturer to progress in his/her teaching style.Documenting the counseling sessions with the students is a good habit.This will facilitate the authority to monitor the improvement of the students, and supply advice to their guardian if needed. According the â€Å"Generic Role Profile† of university lecturer published by University of Cambridge [2] the list of other tasks: Active Research Publications Research Administration Mentoring post graduate students Participating in conferences or workshops Other extra curricular activities like clubs or societies. 2.3 Key Performance Indicator Key Performance Indicator is the subject measurement in order to verify tangible and intangible result of the organizational performance [4]. It notices current business performance and also definitely identifies the future directions as accomplishing the future values. As an index reflecting business strategy and performance, KPI is derived through current strategies and goals that companies should accomplish. According to Berk [10] there are some potential sources of evidence of teaching effectiveness: (a) student ratings, (b) peer ratings, (c) self-evaluation, (d) alumni ratings, (e) employer ratings, (f) administrator ratings, (g) teaching scholarship, (h) teaching awards, (i) learning outcome measures, and (j) teaching portfolio. So these facts can be used as the KPI for this project. Some more indicators can be added which are not mentioned by Berk [10]. Those are number of publications, number of research, and number of projects, year of experience, future planning, undertaken trainings etc. 2.4 System Development methodology- Prototyping Prototyping is the process where a system can be developed based on the outputs of the previous stage. This may be done by engaging the iterative analysis, design and implementation of an evolving prototype. Learning occurs through the evolutionary system building process where insight is gained about the problem and the complexity of the system. The evolutionary prototyping development process includes regular expert/user evaluation feeding back into the systems development process [3]. Prototyping approach addresses the inability of many users to specify their information needs and the difficulty of system analysis to understand the users environment by providing the user with a tentative system for experimental purposes at the earliest possible time [1]. 3.0 METHODOLOGY The methodology that will be used in this project is the prototyping approach. That means we will build a working replica of the proposed system by performing analysis, design and implementation phases concurrently repeatedly until the system is completed. It will be useful to better understand and extract user requirements and also to limit cost by understanding the problem before committing more resources. The prototyping approach is applicable for this project because it can demonstrate technical feasibility and it can also be used to better understand and extract user requirements and also helps to more quickly refine real requirements rather than attempting to understand a system specification on paper. 4.0 SIGNIFICANCE The significance of the study finding the indicators and developing a web based system that will be used to monitor the performance of UUM lecturer based on Key performance indicators (KPI). It will make a long and uncertain process very easy and quick. This will add a new milestone for the UUM management for their future planning about the lecturer performance evaluation criteria. It will be also very cost effective and it will help to increase the education quality level of UUM. 5.0 CONCLUSION In the conclusion, we can say that this system will be very useful for the UUM authority to award the right lecturer with the right qualification and hereby maintain the education quality and prove that UUM is the â€Å"first choice university†. Project Schedule (Gantt chart) TASKS WEEK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Planning Requirement Analysis Design the Prototype Coding Process Test the Prototype and debugging Analyze results Documentation REFERENCES: [1] E. Koskivaara. Design Science Approaches to Information Systems Research, in S. Gregor and D. Hart,Information Systems Foundations: Building the Theoretical Basis, ANU Canberra, 205-216.2002 [2] â€Å"Generic Role Profile: University Lecturer†. University of Cambridge. Version 1: December 2005 [3] H. Hasan. Information systems development as a research method. Australasian Journal of Information Systems Special Issue 2003/2004 [4] H.J. Moon, S.H. Lee, S.J. Yoo, E.J. Yu, C.S. Leem. A KPI based Performance Assessment framework for Korean e-Government. In Second International Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking Symposia, 2008 [5] http://drzabokia.wordpress.com/2007/08/23/responsibilities-of-a-lecturer/ accessed on 14th July, 2009 [6] J. H. McConnell. How to develop essential HR policies and procedures. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn, 2004 [7] J. P. Campbell. Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 687-732). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.,1990. [8] K. Wolter. Formal Methods and Stochastic Models for Performance Evaluation: Fourth European Performance Engineering Workshop, EPEW 2007, Berlin, Germany, September, 2007 [9] M. Rotundo P. R. Sackett. The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66-80, 2002 [10] R. A. Berk. Survey of 12 Strategies to Measure Teaching Effectiveness. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education , Volume 17, Number 1, 48-62, 2005 [11] T. Maylett. 360-Degree Feedback Revisited: The Transition From Development to Appraisal. May 27, 2009 [12] Woodrow Kroll. Facing Your Final Job Review: The Judgment Seat of Christ, Salvation, and Eternal Rewards. Crossway Books, 2008